These are two different processes, which respectively answer the questions:
Was the job performed correctly?
Was the correct job performed?
There is a difference. Consider the rather extreme example where a fictitious client has a requirement to park a car in a garage, but specifies that, to accomplish that job, a 15-pound turkey must be baked at 350°F until the internal temperature of the bird reaches 180°F. In this case, one can verify the accomplishment of the specified requirement, but one cannot validate the higher-level requirement.
bulk temperature sensor
Generally, this is not an “average temperature sensor,” especially when referring to a sensor mounted on the fuel tank of a launch vehicle.
hold-down bay; hold-down structure
Quite literally, the part of launch vehicle hardware that attaches the LV to the pad.
Not “holding mechanism.”
A pair of terms related to the ISS, whose translation is problematical.
In both cases, the борт does not really exist, but if it did, the former term might refer to the “side” of the station (and not a physical location) that has to do with running the station in the sense of housekeeping, while the latter term might refer to the “side” that has to do with the station’s mission per se.
Curiously, when I asked a Russian specialist to explain the difference, I was told that these two terms have more to do with the contractors who developed the systems (Energia and Khrunichev) than with any intrinsic meaning.
propellant budget; filling budget
gopher
(in the sense of a person who “goes for” stuff; from the Russian “ты бы …” – roughly ‘why don’t you…”)
отключить – to disconnect
выключить – to turn off
Unfortunately, this distinction is not always dependable, but it serves as a good guideline.
опорная орбита – parking orbit not “support orbit”
промежуточная орбита – intermediate orbit
переходная орбита – transfer orbit
геопереходная орбита – geotranser orbit (GTO)
